Belief and Patronage in the English Parish before 1300: Some Evidence from Roods

The late medieval English laity expressed their piety through ostentatious artistic and architectural patronage. The rood, a large-scale image of Christ on the cross, flanked by the Virgin and St John, and placed in or above the chancel arch, was a particular object of both liturgical and financial devotion in the later Middle Ages.¹One of the more interesting conclusions of recent scholarship has been the recognition that the late medieval desire to express one's piety through donations to the church was not limited to the upper classes or to one gender. Both men and women of all social classes and ages participated to the best of their ability through collective as well as individual giving.² Moreover, people made very deliberate choices about the types of images and architectural forms on which they spent their money.³ Scholars have argued that the roots of this very active lay patronage lie in the mid-thirteenth century when diocesan statutes first assigned responsibility for maintaining the nave and most of a church's ornaments to its parishioners.⁴